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Mary L. Brady, Ph. D
Our Other Websites African Heritage Arts & History African Heritage Bible Supplement Jeffersonian Notes, Nouns & Verbs |
Category 9 Requirements:
Nelson Mandella was a gifted child, the nephew of a king who was a believer and proponent of nurturing goodness to be shared by others. Mandella's story is our story up from a denigrated past. It is a story about generations of believers that not only believed in him but that which sent him to help "the least of us." Mandella is truly Africa's own "Daniel in the Lion's Den." Before becoming the first
black president of South Africa in 1994, Nelson Mandela spent much of his life
in prison for leading black opposition to the oppressive rule of the white
minority government. During his many years in captivity and hardship, Mandela became a
worldwide symbol of resistance to racist domination in South Africa. And, after
release from imprisonment, ... he proved that Africans can govern fairly and
without persecution of minorities.
92 Public Administration Public Executives
Although their roles are not legally defined, presidential cabinet members in the United States constitute the principal advisory body for the executive office. Here, in January 1993, President Bill Clinton, right, meets with his newly appointed cabinet for the first time. Cabinet members seated, left to right, are Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala, Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt, and Secretary of State Warren Christopher. With very few exceptions quickly discovered, ... the people who are chosen to govern must be people of extra ordinary intelligence and abilities demonstrated in a life of learning, caring and giving to help others. We hold it is self-evident that stamina and intellect needed for the long days of constantly deciding righteousness cannot be found in men and women who lack these attributes. Governments fail because they are poorly led and/or poorly trained as existed in most of Africa's post-colonial history of men grabbing power to do that which they did not understand how. We believe that governments in Africa or anywhere else must come into existence and be sustained in the cause of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness for the people, of the people and by the people; and, Abraham Lincoln having said so, ... added that such governments will not perish from the face the earth. Indeed, challenges are not about establishing democracies but that of belief systems that make it possible. 92111 Executive Offices 
Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Lumumba became the first prime minister of the Republic of the Congo
(now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) when the country achieved
independence in 1960. He was assassinated the following year.
J. Harris/AP/Wide World Photos
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.
Mobutu Sese Seko
In a 1965 coup, Joseph Désiré Mobutu (later Mobutu
Sese Seko) seized control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (later
renamed Zaire). Mobutu ruled for more than three decades, stifling political
opposition and amassing huge sums of money while the country’s economy
crumbled. In May 1997 rebels overthrew Mobutu.
Reuters/Walter Dhaladhla/Archive Photos
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.
9211 Executive, Legislative, and Other
Jerry John Rawlings
Jerry John Rawlings seized power of Ghana’s
government in 1981 and ruled without a parliament or constitution. He
permitted the drafting of a new constitution in 1992 and won reelection that
same year. Rawlings stepped down peacefully in 2001.
Fitzroy Barrett/Globe Photos, Inc.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.
The Republic of Ghana established as a independent nation in 1957 under leadership of Kwame N'Krumah both inspired and motivated the African independence movement in the face of deep-set colonial opposition. The military overthrow of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba in 1961 began a scramble for power and wealth that destabilized Africa for the next two decades. Stabilization of Ghana under leadership of Jerry Rawlings was a major step in stabilizing African leadership to renew and continue the dream of Kwame N'Krumah for a free and independent Africa for the Africans.
92112 Legislative Bodies
The seat of the British government is in London in the Houses of Parliament, officially the New Palace of Westminster. Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The current building was built in the mid-19th century and was designed by British architect Sir Charles Barry. 
First Chinese Parliament, 1912
The Republican Revolution of 1911 brought an end to
imperial rule in China. Sun Yat-sen, shown here presiding over the first
Chinese parliament in 1912, became provisional president of the newly formed
Republic of China. His victory did not last, however. In the decades that
followed, China was beset by internal warfare and foreign encroachment.
Corbis
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft
Corporation. All rights reserved.
92113 Public Finance Activities
As shown in the accompanying table, while the nominal earnings of United States manufacturing workers increased from 1975 to 1980 by nearly $98, real earnings increased by only $.10.
92115 American Indian and Alaska Native
922 Justice, Public Order, and Safety
Generally, police forces at
the city, county, state, and federal level have jurisdiction over crimes that
take place within their distinct geographic areas. Legislation or special
agreements between police forces, however, can extend jurisdiction. Often,
jurisdictions overlap in such a way that determining which police force has
authority over a particular area or crime can be difficult. This illustration
depicts three different crimes and explains which police force has jurisdiction.
London's Central Criminal Court is better known as Old Bailey, after the street on which it stands. In the best of Anglo-Saxon values and traditions, ... courts and judges are empowered to render just and redemptive decisions in accordance with positive law. In the worst instances of courts and judges, ... judgments are normally punitive and rendered according to Roman law approaches to "the least of us." Police on the other hand are supposedly an instrument of the law in both upholding decisions of the courts and for maintaining public protection and security. 92212 Police Protection
Moroccan Traffic Police
Since 1869 the number of justices on the Supreme Court of the United States has been fixed at nine. The current Supreme Court consists of left to right, back row: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Stephen Breyer; front row: Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens, William Rehnquist, Sandra Day O'Connor, and Anthony Kennedy. The U.S. Supreme operates similar to the British High Court in rendering decisions appealed to it as the highest court in the land. It exists under the American federalism system of local, state and federal courts that hear thousands of cases annually and render case law judgments based on their interpretations of positive laws. Court systems function only to the extent the public and litigants are enlightened and educated to accept judgments rendered. 92213 Legal Counsel and Prosecution Lawyers are trained and licensed by government to offer legal advice to private citizens; and may become prosecutors who are empowered to investigate and prosecute wrong-doers on behalf of their jurisdiction. 92214 Correctional Institutions
During the early 1800s,
proponents of two different models of prisons, the Auburn State Prison and the
Eastern State Penitentiary, hotly debated their mutual merits and faults.
Prisoners at the Auburn State Prison worked in complete silence during their
confinement and slept in separate cells at night, while prisoners at Eastern
State Penitentiary were kept in solitary confinement all day long. The idea
behind the latter was that convicts would have time to contemplate the crime
they had committed and repent. Modern prisons use elements of both models to
rehabilitate prisoners. The photograph on the left shows convicts from a Georgia
prison working on a quarry at the turn of the 20th century. The photograph on
the right shows a visitor inspecting the solitary confinement cells at the
Riker's Island Prison in New York. 92216 Fire Protection
A team of fire fighters
battles a fire at a London plant. Protective suits and helmets shield them from
intense heat and poisonous gases, but their jobs are still rigorous and often
dangerous. At a fire, a team will perform necessary rescue operations, protect
nearby areas, and oversee salvage work, as well as contain and extinguish the
blaze.
In this 1955 photo, George Meany, then president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), sits near signs for the union's affiliates during the AFL's 74th convention session. At this convention, delegates from the affiliate unions voted unanimously to merge with another federation of unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The creation of the AFL-CIO ended a 20-year division between the two largest labor groups in the United States. 9231 Administration of Human Resource 92311 Administration of Education
http://www.codesria.org/Links/conferences/universities/universities.htm http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/afstprog.html 92312 Administration of Public Health
Upon reaching a critical
size and metabolism, bacteria and other cells divide to form two identical
daughter cells which, approximately half of the original cell's mass, themselves
begin to grow. A bacterium may divide as often as every six minutes, very
quickly forming a colonysuch as the one shown here that is visible to the human
eye.
Women in rural India wait
with their children at a primary health clinic.
An eternal flame, center,
marks the grave of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president (1961-1963) of the United
States, at Arlington National Cemetery. A federal burial ground, the cemetery
contains the remains of more than 240,000 veterans, their dependents, and
political leaders. Most of those interred here were members of the U.S. armed
forces killed in battle. The cemetery occupies 248 hectares (612 acres) in
northeastern Virginia.
Flash evaporation is the
most widely used method of water desalinization. The seawater is heated and then
pumped into a low-pressure tank, where the water is partially vaporized. The
water vapor is then condensed and removed as pure water. This process is
repeated many times (three stages are shown). The remaining liquid, called
brine, contains a large amount of salt and is removed and often processed for
minerals. Note that the incoming seawater is used to cool the condensers in each
evaporator. This design conserves energy since the heat released when the vapor
condenses is used to heat the next batch of seawater.
Herds of large grazing animals, such as the zebra grazing here in Serengeti National Park in East Africa, are an important element of the savanna biome. Grazing animals and fire keep vegetation to a minimum in savanna areas with high rainfall. Occasional fires burn back old grass and stimulate growth of new grass.
Beginning in the 1950s, the government of South Africa divided the black population into ethnic groups and assigned each group to a separate territory, or bantustan. A total of ten bantustans, called homelands by the government, were created as part of the system of apartheid, or separation of the races. The bantustans consisted of many fragments of land and could not support the populations assigned to them. They were reintegrated into the rest of South Africa in 1994.
South Africa's former white government established Soweto as a black township next to the city of Johannesburg in order to segregate the country's black and white populations. In 1976 Soweto became the site of a large-scale rebellion against government policies.
Urban renewal often
involved demolition of slum housing and construction of better, more expensive
housing. Critics of the program claimed that it was a method of evicting
low-income residents because the costs and improvements made to certain
neighborhoods increased rental rates. Currently, housing rehabilitation is the
favored form of dealing with rundown housing, and city planners take the
environmental and neighborhood concerns into account. These photographs show
South Street Seaport in New York City before and after urban renewal.
926 Administration of Economic Programs
This British hovercraft is
held above the water by blown air. Once the craft is hovering over the surface,
it moves much more efficiently than a boat plowing through water. The propellers
on the rear help to power as well as to steer the hovercraft.
In order to withstand the constant wear from traffic and weather, roads must be carefully built with level, durable foundations and surfaces. Here, a large truck slowly lets out its load of gravel onto a new road bed. Gravel acts as part of the foundation and will be groomed and pressed by heavy rollers before the asphalt layer is add
Population growth rates,
measured by the annual percentage increase in a country's population, are
highest in Africa and the Middle East. Growth rates are relatively flat in the
United States, Europe, and the countries of the former Soviet Union.
92614 Regulation of Agricultural The southwestern region of
South Africa receives about 22 inches of rainfall annually, making it a good
area for agriculture. This farm is located near Swellendam. 92615 Regulation, Licensing
First
class of the Columbia University School of Nursing entered their profession at a
time when there was little class-room prep for nurses. Modeled after European programs, training
was based on apprenticeship. Students provided low-cost labor to
hospitals and gained invaluable practical experience. Enrollment in increasingly
university-based, rather than hospital-based, nursing programs rose after the
turn of the century as the need for nurses in both civilian and military life
became more and more apparent. 927 Space Research and Technology
X-ray sources appear as colored dots in this image of whole sky, computer generated from data gathered by the international operated satellite. About 50,000 objects appear here. Many are dense objects in our own galaxy, such as supernovaremnants, most of fainter ones are quasars, billions of light years beyond the Milky Way Galaxy.
The United States Space
Camp in Huntsville, a city in northern Alabama, gives children the opportunity
to experience the life of an astronaut. Activities at the camp include a
simulated shuttle mission and rocket-building projects. The camp is hosted by
the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, a museum whose large collection of missiles
and space devices traces the history of U.S. aerospace development and space
exploration.
The Coast Guard performs a
wide variety of peacetime functions, which include enforcing maritime law,
maintaining navigational aids, and upholding environmental policies.
Scotland
Yard was the name of the first headquarters of London's police force when the
force was established in 1829. The building got its name because its rear
entrance rested on the former site of a palace where visiting Scottish royalty
stayed. The headquarters has since been moved.
Churchill Avenue is one of the broad thoroughfares that cross Addis Ababa, the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. The city's name, which
means "new flower" in Amharic, was bestowed by Emperor Menelik II when it was
founded in 1887 at a hot springs. Addis Ababa has since blossomed into the
economic and cultural center of Ethiopia. <!--WEBBOT bot="Script" startspan PREVIEW="Site Meter" -->
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