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Mary L. Brady, Ph. D
Our Other Websites African Heritage Arts & History African Heritage Bible Supplement Jeffersonian Notes, Nouns & Verbs |
Category 1 REQUIREMENTS:
The United States Department of Agriculture
Food Pyramid provides a practical visual guide to healthful eating, indicating
the recommended daily portions of the basic food groups. Between 6 and
11 servings of the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group are recommended daily.
America's most open secret still not understood by many non-believers was agricultural and technical colleges for mass development of agriculture in the 19th and 20th century. It has long been overlooked by advisors and experts in too many nations and locations of the least of us. In fact, virtually all of America's great State Universities began with the wisdom of Abraham Lincoln who recognized that granting land and money to colleges to help provide farm agents and teachers of their children was in the best traditions of farmers like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson (wisdom's child). 111 Crop Production The basic requirement of modern societies (second only to safety/defense) is to produce and distribute sufficient nutrition to nourish & nurture generations:
#68 (to be born C.E. 2010-2039) Priority #1 #67 (born C.E. 1980-2009) Priority #2 #66 (born C.E. 1950-1979) Priority #3 #65 (born C.E. 1920-1949) Priority #4 #64 (born C.E. 1890-1920) Priority #5 We hold that it is self-evident that people not of the toils experienced in working the soil in most lands including America do not understand the faith and great joy of growing agricultural products for harvest and distribution for human consumption. The challenge for young men and women with the gift to bring forth good harvests, ... is to learn to master and do it well that others might eat of the blessing. It is indeed the blessed in mind and matter that matters most about producing food, and the teachers that teach youth to learn and value modern agriculture are the most important assets of any community or nation of communities.
The agriculture industry in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is responsible for almost one-third of the gross domestic product. A major crop is cassava, a dietary staple throughout much of Africa wherein nutrition and nourishment priorities are woefully inferior to world standards for longer, better and healthier lives. Because food is so critical to survival of people or even nations, many African governments in the after-math of colonialism (organized to control, not help) desperately sought to find a means to production via the establishment of giant State Farm entities along the lines of Soviet jump-start approaches, ..... and of course failed to generate better farmers but rather generated neo-colonial bureaucracies, foreign debts with few if any derived benefits in the short-term, mid-term or long-term years. We believe the Booker T. Washington model of training teachers and off-campus farm agents to train farmers to acquire land to birth not only crops for human consumption but also new generations to build successful farms. In fact, farming for the least of us is about a long-term plan that many will not live to see; but, the fruits of their faith and labor will give rise to goodness long appreciated. 11111 Soybean Farming
Soybeans, cultivated for
many centuries throughout Asia, are a leading crop in the United States.
Soybeans are used primarily to produce protein meal and oil.
11112 Oilseed (except Soybean) Farming
Beans,
like this scarlet runner bean, are cultivated throughout the world. Symbiotic
nitrogen-fixing bacteria, present in small nodules on the roots of beans and
other legumes, help to return nitrogen to the soil, where the plant can then
utilize it directly. In exchange, the bacteria in the root nodules use organic
compounds supplied by the plant as an energy source. 11114 Wheat Farming
Cultivated as a food source
for more than 9000 years, wheat has undergone many changes in the process of its
domestication. A likely ancestor to all cultivated wheats is wild einkorn, the
small grains and long, brittle stalks of which typify early species such as
einkorn, still cultivated as animal feed; wild emmer with slightly larger
grains; and emmer, widely used by the Greeks and Romans and closely related to
the modern wheats at right. The strength and large grains of spelt wheat, a
hybrid still grown in Europe, offered a radically high yield from fewer plants.
Further modifications produced the large-grained durum wheat used to make most
pasta, as well as bread wheat, high in gluten to make bread dough elastic and
airy.
Threshing machines separate
seeds of wheat plants from husks and stems with mechanical beating
action. Wheat seeds are called grain, and stems are commonly known as
straw.
Although archaeological evidence indicates that corn has been cultivated for over 7000 years in Mexico, the exact origin of the corn plant remains a mystery. Today corn is one of the most important cereal grains grown worldwide, having been hybridized into numerous varieties for food and non-food purposes. The kernels are used for human and livestock consumption, while the corn cob and its extracts are used for a variety of industrial purposes such as the making of nylon fibers and the production of synthetic rubber.
11116 Rice Farming More than half of all Indonesians hold jobs associated with agriculture. Rice, the principal food in the country, once was imported but now is raised in sufficient quantities to meet domestic needs. Here, villagers on the island of Bali thresh rice grain by hand during harvest season.
Rice is the principal crop
grown in India, and the country ranks second only to China in world rice
production. Much of the crop is used to feed the domestic population, as rice is
the dietary staple for many Indians. These agricultural workers harvest rice by
hand, as is done in most developing countries.
Millet, which includes
several species in the grass family, is an important food staple throughout
large parts of Asia and western Africa. Containing more protein than rice, it
can grow in less fertile soils than many other types of grain and has a
comparatively short growing season of 60 to 80 days.
111199 All Other Grain Farming
A member of the grass family, grain sorghum has long been cultivated in parts of Asia and Africa as a food staple and in parts of the United States as feed for livestock. The plant survives well under drought conditions, becoming dormant under adverse conditions and then resuming growth when more beneficial conditions prevail.
1112 Vegetable and Melon Farming 11121 Vegetable and Melon Farming 111211 Potato Farming 111219 Other Vegetable
Brazil lost more than 13,000 sq km (5000 sq mi) of rain forest a year during mid-1990s, much - due to slash & burn agriculture. Many traditional societies practiced slash and burn cultivation, clearing small areas, which surrounding forest later reclaimed. In modern practice, large-scale slash and burn clearing cause extensive damage to rain forests & contributes to increase of carbon dioxide levels in the earth's atmosphere. 1113 Fruit and Tree Nut Farming
Despite its limited land and water resources, the economy of the Gaza Strip is largely agricultural, and citrus fruits are the region's principal crops. Fruit trees are grown on irrigated land, and a portion of the yield is exported to European countries.
11132 Citrus (except Orange) Groves 11133 Non-citrus Fruit and Tree Nut
Nuts are loosely defined as any type of hard-shelled seed or fruit that can easily be separated from the internal kernel. Botanically speaking, acorns, beechnuts, chestnuts, hazlenuts, and hickory nuts are true nuts, while almonds, walnuts, peanuts, Brazil nuts, horse chestnuts, pistachios, coconuts, and pecans are not. By botany's standards, not all nuts are edible. The European, or sweet chestnut, pictured here, develops inside a prickly envelope called a bur. 111332 Grape Vineyards
111333 Strawberry Farming
Organic farmers grow a wide
variety of fruits and vegetables. Organic farming in the United States has
increased rapidly since 1990, and organic foods are projected to make up 10
percent of the agricultural market by the year 2000. 111334 Berry (except Strawberry) Farming 111335 Tree Nut Farming 111336 Fruit and Tree Nut Combination 111339 Other Non-citrus Fruit Farming The beech, found only in northern temperate forests, is related to the oak and chestnut. Most species of beech are deciduous-that is, they lose their leaves seasonally-although some are evergreen and keep their leaves. Both the fruit and wood of the beech tree are useful; the fruit, called the beechnut, has a high oil content and is used as a pig feed, whereas the wood is used in the manufacture of furniture
11141 Food Crops Grown Under Cov 111411 Mushroom Production
The edible commercial mushroom is cultivated in buildings or caves in which temperature and humidity are strictly regulated. A special bedding culture is prepared and inoculated with a pure culture of the fungus mycelium. Several crops of mushrooms are produced from each inoculation.
111419 Other Food Crops Grown Under Cover
Bread yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or baker's yeast, a type of fungi, reproduces by a process called budding. Bread yeast causes bread to rise by releasing carbon dioxide, which gets trapped in the dough. Here, microscopic yeast (left) has a macroscopic effect (right) on bread dough. 11142 Nursery and
Floriculture Production
A greenhouse is designed to
facilitate the cultivation, propagation, and protection of young seedlings and
delicate plants. With its glass-paned roof and walls, the greenhouse is
perfectly designed for regulating temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and
light, not to mention control of insect pests and weeds.
111421 Nursery and Tree Production
Forests cover nearly
two-thirds of South Carolina's land area. Pine, oak, and hickory trees are the
most common trees in these forests. Despite the state's many forests, the
forestry industry also relies on trees cultivated in nurseries throughout the
state. Taylor Nursery in Trenton, South Carolina, cultivates pine trees.
1119 Other Crop Farming 11191 Tobacco Farming 11192 Cotton Farming
Most of the agriculture in the southern United States during the early 19th century was dedicated to growing one crop-cotton. Most of the cotton crop was grown on large plantations that used black slave labor, such as this one on the Mississippi River.
11193 Sugarcane Farming
The red and pink on the stems of this sugarcane plant indicate that the plant is receiving too much sunlight. Sugarcane, cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a principal source of sugar. 11194 Hay Farming 11199 All Other Crop Farming
These Kenyan farmers tend to fields of tea, one of the country's main cash crops. Tea and other crops grow well in the fertile soil on the highlands of southwestern Kenya. Although most Kenyan farms average only about 1 hectare (2.5 acres) in area, some large estates cover up to 2000 hectares (5000 acres) and produce tea and coffee. Agriculture dominates the economy of Kenya, accounting for more than 25 percent of the country's economic production and employing more than 75 percent of its people. 111991 Sugar Beet Farming
Like other biennial plants, the beet stores energy for its second year of growth. By harvesting the swollen root after its first growing season, we take advantage of this stored food. The beet pictured here, Beta vulgaris var. escuelenta, is a summer vegetable that keeps well through the winter. It bleeds bright red if damaged and often lends color to food and fabric dyes.
111992 Peanut Farming
Although native to South
America, the peanut plant is now cultivated in those parts of the United States,
South America, Africa, and Asia having long, warm, growing seasons. A member of
the pea family, the peanut is rich in protein, B vitamins, and oil. The plants
themselves can be used as livestock feed. 111998 All Other Miscellaneous Crop 112 Animal Production 1121 Cattle Ranching and Farmin
Most common species of domesticated cattle are derived from one of two species of present day modern cattle, Bos taurus from Europe and Bos indicus from India. Most breeds of North American cattle raised for milk and beef are derived from Bos taurus.
11211 Beef Cattle Ranching and Farming,
112111 Beef Cattle Ranching and Farming
With the exception of a small strip of crop land along the Sénégal River, all of Mauritania lies within the Sahara Desert, and much of the country receives less than 130 mm (less than 5 in) of rainfall a year. The Moors, with a mixture of Berber and Arab ancestry, are the largest ethnic group in this desert region. Depending on cattle raising for their livelihood, these nomadic people often water their animals at deep desert wells, such as this one at L'Affolé. 112112 Cattle Feedlots
Cattle are instinctively drawn to salt, which all warm-blooded animals need to stay healthy. Adequate intake of salt maintains the ionic balance necessary for cellular functions. While wild animals go to mineral deposits called salt licks for this dietary supplement, domesticated animals depend on farmers to provide salt blocks like this one. 11212 Dairy Cattle and Milk Production 11213 Dual Purpose Cattle Ranching and L Null Set for U.S.
Hogs provide about one-quarter of the meat eaten in the United States. They are also raised for, among other products, leather, soap, glue, edible fat, and hormones such as insulin that can be extracted from their glands. 1122 Hog and Pig Farming 11221 Hog and Pig Farming
1123 Poultry and Egg Production
At this chicken farm in Mayo, Florida, the building belongs to the farmer, while the chickens and feed are supplied by the poultry company. The farmer is paid according to a ratio of the weight gained and the amount of feed used. 11231 Chicken Egg Production 11232 Broilers and Other Meat Type 11233 Turkey Production 11234 Poultry Hatcheries 11239 Other Poultry Production 1124 Sheep and Goat Farming 11241 Sheep Farming 11242 Goat Farming
This herder tends to his goats, one of the most commonly raised livestock animals in Somalia. As an arid country with limited natural resources, Somalia relies on the livestock industry to drive its economy. The civil war that began in 1991 halted efforts toward economic diversification and devastated the country's economy. 1125 Animal Aquaculture 11251 Animal Aquaculture
112511 Finfish Farming and Fish Hatcheries
Adult salmon returning to the streams where they were born along the Columbia and Snake rivers must pass through a series of dams before spawning. At the first dam, some of the adults are captured and placed in a holding pen until they are ready to spawn. Their eggs are collected and are hatched under controlled conditions at a hatchery. There the young fish are protected from predators and will be released when they are ready for their trip to the ocean. The United States government started
building salmon hatcheries in the 1870s.
Valued for food and sport, the brown bullhead, a North American species of catfish, lives in many freshwater streams in the eastern United States. Usually measuring less than 46 cm (18 in) long, the brown bullhead exhibits the typical whisker-like feelers that give the catfish its name. The brown bullhead is considered the most commercially important of all catfish.
The channel catfish is a
commercially important food fish. Its tasty flesh has been compared to black
bass. Originally found in freshwater streams and lakes in central and eastern
parts of the United States and southern Canada, channel catfish have been
introduced widely throughout the United States. Catfish farming, or raising
catfish commercially in large ponds, is expanding rapidly in the southeastern
United States.
Here, oysters are cultivated in a saltwater tank full of oyster shells. The tank is stocked with oyster larvae, which settle onto the old shells. Aquaculturists provide the young oysters with food and harvest them when they reach market size.
A fishing village in Ghana, a country in West Africa, employs mud ovens to dry its fish. The country derives its annual fish catch from the Atlantic Ocean and from inland waters, such as Lake Volta, one of the largest artificial lakes in the world. 112512 Shellfish Farming
This Pandalus platyceros,
also known as the spot prawn, lingers in a rock crevice in Puget Sound, in the
state of Washington. The prawn's protruding beak and larger size distinguish it
from shrimp, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. Fishers use
nets to trawl for shrimp and prawns, which live in both salt and fresh water in
nearly all parts of the world.
112519 Other Animal Aquaculture 1129 Other Animal Production 11291 Apiculture 11292 Horse and Other Equine Production 11293 Fur-Bearing Animal and Rabbit 11299 All Other Animal Production 113 Forestry and Logging
Logs float outside the plywood plant in the city of Sapele, on the Benin River in southwestern Nigeria. This area of the country is heavily forested, fueling the regional timber industry and providing material for local woodworking artisans. 1131 Timber Tract Operations
11311 Timber Tract Operations
The rich rain forests of
northwestern Angola and the exclave of Cabinda furnish most of the country's
wood harvest. The wood is used primarily for domestic consumption, such as for
fuel or manufacturing. 1132 Forest Nurseries and Gathering of 11321 Forest Nurseries and Gathering of
1133 Logging 11331 Logging 114 Fishing, Hunting and Trapping 1141 Fishing
Modern fishing boats include trawlers, such
as this commercial shrimp trawler, Miss Mona. After the trawler dredges for
shrimp, winches hoist the nets, called trawls, up toward the two horizontal side
booms.
All of the oceans are linked by a clockwise flow around the South Pole. This flow is called the Antarctic gyre, or the current wheel. The clockwise flow around the South Pole results from the way currents of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans circulate counterclockwise. 114111 Finfish Fishing 114112 Shellfish Fishing
114119 Other Marine Fishing
The commercial fishing
industry in Senegal has grown rapidly, and fish are now one of the country's
leading exports. The fishing boats shown here are near the capital of Dakar in
the North Atlantic Ocean.
1142 Hunting and Trapping 11421 Hunting and Trapping 1151 Support Activities for Crop 11511 Support Activities for Crop
Cotton ranked as Alabama's leading crop for many decades. It served as the basis for the state's traditional economy and was a staple of the plantation system. Today, greenhouse and nursery products and peanuts are equally valuable crops.
115111 Cotton Ginning
The cotton gin, invented in
1793 by Eli Whitney, was designed to separate raw cotton fibers from seeds and
other foreign materials prior to baling and marketing. The design was so
efficient that it remains virtually unchanged to the present day. 115112 Soil Preparation, Planting,
115113 Crop Harvesting,
Grown in the northeastern
part of South Carolina, cotton still contributes to the state's agricultural
income. Cotton and tobacco were the chief products of the state's first
plantations. Today, tobacco remains the state's primary agricultural crop.
115114 Post-harvest Crop Activities 115115 Farm Labor Contractors and Crew
Most of the woodland
savanna and forests of the Jos Plateau in central Nigeria have been cleared for
agriculture. Farmers usually live in small villages composed of separate
compounds, such as this one, where several related families make their homes.
115116 Farm Management Services 1152 Support Activities for Animal 11521 Support Activities for Animal 1153 Support Activities for Forestry 11531 Support Activities for Forestry <!--WEBBOT bot="Script" startspan PREVIEW="Site Meter" -->
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11131 Orange Groves 
In the United States, Florida is the
leading producer of oranges, which rank as the state's most valuable crop. This
plant in southern Florida processes oranges recently harvested from local
groves.
A
view of the interior of a mussel shell reveals the mussel's visceral mass
containing the gills and internal organs. The circular white structure at the
upper right hand corner of the visceral mass is the adductor muscle, which helps
to keep the shell tightly sealed against predators or during low tides when the
mussel is exposed to the drying air. Most species of mussels are edible and are
important ingredients in a number of seafood dishes throughout the world. 
Minnesota
was once one of the main sources of lumber in the United States. Today,
conservation and tree farming methods have been implemented in order to preserve
forest land. Forests cover over one-third of the state's land area. 
